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Phase-locked loops (PLLs) remain a vital component in modern integrated circuits. In some applications, they may constitute the dominant blocks in the radio spectrum used for communications.2 This electronic paper presents the modern view of a PLL from a communications perspective, which includes an up-to-date discussion of modern PLL design and application.

The first section of this paper discusses the general theory of phase-locked loops in terms of the mathematical model that serves as a basis for modern design and analysis. Appendices A1 through A12 discuss the analytical mechanics of real-time PLL analysis as well as typical use cases in the RF and baseband RF analysis areas.

The second section of this tutorial papers addresses the design of the phase-locked loop as it is applied in modern communications systems. In the RF arena, the design and implementation of the loop architecture is typically the limiting factor on the ability to trade-off loop bandwidth for the signal dynamic range and SNR performance. The remainder of the tutorial covers typical applications of the PLL and associated considerations in the RF and baseband RF domains.

The third section of this tutorial introduces the idea of signal-to-noise ratio and discusses more deeply the different ways that the PLL concept lends itself to different approaches. The final section of the tutorial covers analysis methods in terms of estimation theory. These materials discuss different methods, such as measurement and communication theory, that can ultimately be used to perform a similar filtering function and all of them can be used for the design and analysis of a PLL. The paper ends with a very brief review of the PLL in the physical layer and the impact that it can have on communication performance. d2c66b5586